Article Rebutal Essay

The flu shot. Should you or shouldn’t you get one? That is a very common question to ask as flu season quickly approaches. The Mayo Clinic offers an article on their website stating that the best way to avoid the flu is primarily by means of vaccination. Does this mean one cannot avoid the flu if they don’t receive the immunization? What happens to the people who cannot afford the shot, or those who cannot access the places to receive one? Is one to be plagued by sickness if they were to go against injecting the inoculation? While the Mayo clinic itself is a reputable hospital and research facility, the article, â€Å"Flu shot: Your best bet for avoiding influenza† (Mayo 2012) offered no evidence or support for the claim. There was support for avoiding getting the flu, but no proof that the shot itself would offer such protection. After further investigation, there were numerous studies repudiating the claims that are made regarding the efficacy of the flu shot. One such study (which was actually pro-vaccination) stated that the shot only provided moderate protection and was lacking in evidence in the 65 and up age range (Lancet). In another finding, namely the leaflet that comes inside the drugs packaging, the insert for FLULAVAL states â€Å"there have been no controlled trials adequately demonstrating a decrease in influenza disease after vaccination with FLULAVAL†. Then why take it? While the side effects of the flu shot can be mild such as soreness at the injection site or aching muscles, they can also be as severe as an allergic reaction causing, guess what, flu like symptoms. Who wants that? Plus there is the chance that the vaccines don’t match the viruses circulating (Mayo). Now wait a minute, somebody is predicting the upcoming viruses and then making the immunization? How does that work? Are these same people consulting a crystal ball or palm reading the other doctors and scientists by any chance? While it may be medically necessary for a person to receive an influenza vaccination while in a hospital setting or nursing home, the bottom line is sick people get sick while healthy people do not. To avoid the flu this season, eat well, exercise regularly, manage stress and take some vitamins. Keep your hands clean by washing them regularly and avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth whenever possible but especially if the hands are not clean. Prevention is still the best medicine and as Thomas Edison so fabulously quantified, â€Å"The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest her or his patients in the care of the human frame, in a proper diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease†. References (Sept. 2012) Mayo Clinic Staff. Flu shot: Your best bet for avoiding influenza retrieved online from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/flu-shots/ID00017 (Jan 2012). The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 1, Pgs 36 – 44, retrieved online from: http://www.naturalnews.com/033998_influenza_vaccines_effectiveness.html (Oct 2011). Adams, M. Natural News, retrieved online from: http://www.naturalnews.com/033998_influenza_vaccines_effectiveness.html

Evil in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s powerful play Macbeth effectively explores the nature of evil and its effects and costs. He examines what causes people to commit evil acts such as ambition, greed and lust for power through themes, characters, language and dramatic techniques. The theme of the play is that uncontrolled ambition can make people do evil things but that evil never wins in the end. The play shows the battle between good and evil and the cost of evil. Macbeth breaks the great chain of being by killing the king. Shakespeare provides a lesson for the audience by showing the cost of evil deeds. Macbeth loses the respect of his friends and countrymen, loses interest in life and is killed, while Lady Macbeth’s guilt causes her to commit suicide. In the play there are several motifs which illustrate the theme, including guilt blood. For example, when Lady Macbeth wants to become brave enough to go through with the murder of the king, she says â€Å"Make thick my blood†. Also when Macbeth is about to kill the king he sees an imaginary dagger which has â€Å"gouts of blood† on it. The play’s characters also portray evil and its effects through their actions and words. For example, Macbeth becomes corrupted by his â€Å"vaulting ambition† which turns him from â€Å"noble Macbeth† into an â€Å"untitled tyrant†. The witches know Macbeth has been overtaken by evil they say â€Å"something wicked this way comes† when he approaches them. To get what he wants Macbeth is prepared to do anything. This involves evil deeds like violence and deception. He even kills his friend Banquo when he realizes that Banquo suspects that he killed the king. He says, â€Å"our fears in Banquo stick deep†. Banquo by contrast is not corruptible so Macbeth must kill him. The cost of evil for Macbeth is that he has no peace after his evil deeds. He loses everything he valued – the crown, friendship, respect and his wife and his own life. Along the way he becomes paranoid as we see in the banquet scene where Banquo’s ghost appears as a â€Å"horrible shadow†. This shows us  that his conscience is torturing him and is giving him no peace. He also loses interest in life which is shown in his word,† Out, out, brief candle!/Life’s but a walking shadow† Shakespeare uses a range of figurative language to illustrate that evil deeds can’t bring rewards, Shakespear uses a metaphor â€Å"Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown† which show that even after he kills to get the crown it is an empty victory as he has no children to pass it on to. The cost of evil for Macbeth is also shown through dramatic devices such as the dagger scene where Macbeth resolves to kill the king. Through a soliloquy we find out the inner thoughts of Macbeth when he tells the audience that he can see a dagger floating in the air leading him to the king’s chamber. We are not sure if it’s real which adds to the ghostly and creepy atmosphere. He says, â€Å"I have thee not and yet I see thee still† and we can see that he indeed has a â€Å"heat oppressed brain’. Lady Macbeth badly wants to become queen and is prepared to do evil to get it. Ambition also corrupts her. She is the one who persuades Macbeth when he has second thoughts about killing the king by questioning his masculinity by saying, â€Å"Be so much more the man† and â€Å"To wear a heart so white†. She would have killed the king herself but he resembled her father. This shows how ruthless she has become. Lady Macbeth badly wants to become queen and ambition corrupts her. She is the one who persuades Macbeth to kill the king. She is concerned that M is too full of the â€Å"milk of human kindness† to carry out the murder of the king so she pushes him to do the deed by shaming his sense of manhood, â€Å"Be so much more the man .† She hatches the plot to kill the kill. Her evil is shown through her desire to stop being female. She says is calling to dark spirits to , â€Å"unsex me† and â€Å"fill me† with â€Å"direst cruelty† which means she actually wants to embrace evil completely. Shakespeare uses Figurative language to show Lady Macbeth’s deceitful character, for example he uses the symbol of blood to show her evilness and  her guilt. She says â€Å"Out damned spot† while sleepwalking. This scene also reflects the use of very good dramatic technique, the soliloquy to show the audience that although she does evil when awake, Lady Macbeth is bothered by guilt underneath. In this way Shakespeare further shows that evil cannot win over good and that nothing can hide evil. For example she says, â€Å"all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.† But she knows â€Å"what’s done cannot be undone†. In the end she can’t stand the guilt and kills herself. She pays the ultimate price with her life. The witches are introduced right at the start which tells the audience the play is about evil as witchcraft was considered very real and considered evil in Shakespeare’s times. The witches choose Macbeth to bring evil to life. They know he is corruptible and confirm this by saying â€Å"Something wicked this way comes†. The literary language used by the witches that makes it clear they are evil, for example, â€Å"We hover through the fog in the filthy air† They also say, â€Å"Eye of newt and toe of frog† which tells the audience they are cooking up a supernatural potion. The evil effect is also show in the rhythmic chant, â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble. Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.† All this creates a creepy and sinister atmosphere that suggests evil. The dramatic devices Shakespeare used to portray the witchcraft includes the setting which was a desolate place, the use of the cauldron and its evil ingredients like human body parts â€Å"Nose of Turk†. Shakespeare also uses apparitions which are conjured up as part of the prophecies of Macbeth’s future including a head in armour; the bloody child; and a child wearing a crown, holding a tree, which illustrate the witches’ prophesies. Macbeth by Shakespeare clearly shows the audience that it is not worth doing evil. He does this through exploration of themes, characters, language and  dramatic techniques and convinces the audience that evil never wins in the end. Gives the audience the clear message that evil can never win over good. In the play Macbeth he shows the audience what drives people to commit evil deeds and shows the cost of those actions. He also shows that evil can never bring any good. illustrates the attraction and cost of evil throughout the play through its plot, theme, characters, language and dramatic devices. Shakespeare shows us that evil cannot win and in the end goodness is restored.

Respose paper for an Asian-American studies Essay

Respose paper for an Asian-American studies - Essay Example Their women as portrayed as exotic, sexualised and hence viewed as sex objects. They are viewed as passive, submissive and eager for sex people who serve white men love interests. They are also seen as sidekicks who are incompatible with the Americans. There is Caucasian present in various roles played by Asians in films. This has an effect on their self-esteem, self-image and how other societies perceive them advancing rate of racism. In the 2006, the film Slanted Screen, produced by Jeff Adachi, was about stereotypical depiction and absence of Asia American men in American films. It is not evident that Asian men are not present in films in a meaningful way. A certain Asian actor plays the role of an exotic lover who loses the girl at the end. Asian actors have also dominated the current pop culture in Hollywood. An interviewee Asian actor states that he was provided with options of playing a wimpy business man or a bad guy but he chose a bad guy because he wants kids who will grow watching his movies to know that Asian men are not weak characters, they got â€Å"guts†. The stereotype on Asian women is that they are sexy, exotic, submissive and subservient to the men. Slaying the Dragon is a film produced in the year 1988 by Deborah Gee is in this line of Asian women stereotypes. The film portrays the hypersexualisation of the Asian women. It also represents stereotypes of exoticism and docile nature of Asian women. This has a negative impact on the women from the Asia America society as people from other societies perceive them to have attributes that are shown in the films that stereotypically represent Asian Women. In cases where these women are not portrayed as sex objects in the movie, they are presented as tough warriors. This creates perceptions among individuals that Asian American women are tough and aggressive, characters that are often stereotypically associated with the men. Artistic freedom can liberalise and act in favour of Asian American

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Personal statement - Essay Example er’s degree in the United States and was considered to be a very good specialist, therefore, the senior faculties were asking me if I was good in statistics as well as in SPSS. It was not very pleasant for me to see that they really got disappointed when I said that unfortunately, I was not. When I asked them about the reason behind asking me they explained that they were looking for help in statistics course. This was a great surprise for me and I really couldn’t understand why they asked me as they have a person who taught that course and I assumed that she should have been a specialist in the field. I didn’t bother myself to find out this since I was busy teaching other courses. At the same time it was upsetting that I could not provide any help when I was asked for it. As I’m working as a lecturer I have an opportunity and great desire to receive PhD. Therefore, I did apply for several universities and I was lucky enough to be accepted in George Mason University (GMU) but I faced a problem connected with statistics again as I did not have a statistics course in my master, but it was necessary to enter GMU. Consequently, GMU required me to take a pre-request course of statistics. The good thing was that course was online so I did not have to travel to the USA for a summer course and the bad thing was that my background in statistics is not good enough to start with online course. I understood that I should improve my statistics as soon as possible as I had statistics in my undergraduate and I started to struggle. To tell the truth, at first I hesitated whether to take the course or not. I called my friend who is studying at GMU to get her advice. She told me if I don’t take it this summer I will not definitely be enrolled in a PhD program. In other word, I’ll have to wait a year. After her advice, I decided to take the online pre-request course of statistics. I enrolled in the course and the drama started. At the beg inning I needed some help with

Cessation of Multi-Fibre Agreement Impact on Free Trade Essay

Cessation of Multi-Fibre Agreement Impact on Free Trade - Essay Example There was an agreement among the EU states in the year 1995 to phase out the MFA over a period of ten years. Accordingly the MFA was abolished at the end of the year 2004. The removal of the protectionist measure in the form of MFA has resulted in economic advantages to certain Western European Countries. However certain other European countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece have raised serious complaints against the removal of the quantitative restrictions on the plea that such action had largely affected their domestic textile and clothing industry and the workers in the industry. With this background this paper presents a critical assessment of the potential benefits and problems to which European Union is subjected to due to the abolition of MFA. Before the impact of the abolition of the MFA on the European Union can be discussed it is important a background of the causes and circumstances under which MFA was entered and the immediate effect of the abolition thereof. (Jean-Pierre Lehmann) The emergence of China as an economic power had influenced all the other countries of the world to make economic adjustments to grow at the same pace as Chinese economy developed. In the light of these changes in the world economy, the Western European countries had embarked upon an association for peace and prosperity in the form of European Union. The economic and political success of the European Union had made the Eastern European countries to request for accession to the EU. All the European countries and even China opted for accession to World Trade Organization in the wake of economic globalization. (Jean-Pierre Lehmann) The formation of the EU and accession to the WTO had resulted in some over-regulation and un-dynamic inbuilt rigid aspects in some of the European economies especially for the protection of uncompetitive sectors. This had also restricted the provision of the conducive conditions for any creative destruction or innovation. Under these circumstances countries like the Netherlands, Britain, Ireland, Latvia and the Scandinavian countries have reformed their economic structures and adjusted themselves to the changing circumstances. However there are other larger economies like Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland had become less successful due to their industrial sluggishness. One of the anomalies of the international trading system resulted out of such un-dynamic environment basically to protect the domestic industry was to place the textiles and garment out of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) rules in the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) The agreement was entered into with the intense pressure from the governments of the developed countries since there was a fear in the import-competing firms in such nations that the rise in imports from the cost-competitive developing countries would eventually destroy the viability of their domestic textile and clothing industry.( (Grimwade, 1996) "This was a defence measure initially taken in response

Judicial Conduct and Disability Act Research Paper

Judicial Conduct and Disability Act - Research Paper Example The repeated reassignment of cases from Article is also constitutional. This will always be so as long as a rational reason exists for the Article III judge to request for a change of either judge or venue of the case (Baum, 2013). One example of such a rational reason is conflict of interest. However, it would be unconstitutional for Congress to delegate the authority to remove an Article III judge to the Supreme Court. This is because these judges can only be removed when the Congress successfully impeaches them. In addition, since these judges serve in their positions during good behavior, they cannot be discharged and only Congress can remove them through impeachment (Baum, 2013). Finally, federal judges should be appointed for life. The reason that they should have life tenure is because they should be insulated from whatever politics are gripping the nation at any particular moment (Baum, 2013). If federal judges did not have tenure for life, it would be easy for them to become affected by various issues and crisis that were prevalent in the different political parties. In addition, giving them tenure for life makes sure that they are above social issues in the

Child Sexual Abuse Detection and Prevention Essay

Child Sexual Abuse Detection and Prevention - Essay Example Due to the traumatizing nature of sexual abuse, effective treatment approaches and prevention strategies have recently been developed (Roberts & Miltenberger 1999). This research discusses on of the most traumatic dilemma faced by all the societies of the world: Child Sexual Abuse. Special emphasis has been laid on the detection (in terms of symptoms) and prevention (including laws) of child sexual abuse. The problem of child sexual abuse warrants serious consideration by society as a whole. Prevalence of the problem has been suggested to include almost one-quarter of the nation's population (Finkelhor et al., 1990). As a result of sexual abuse, a variety of emotional and behavioral problems may develop and continue into the young victim's adulthood. Due to the traumatizing nature of sexual abuse, effective treatment approaches and prevention strategies have recently been developed (Roberts & Miltenberger 1999). Child sexual abuse can be defined as any sexual activity, overt or covert, between a child and an adult (or older child, where the younger child's participation is obtained through seduction or coercion) (Ratican 1992). It generally has a significant negative and pervasive psychological impact on its victims (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986). Russell (1986) found that female sexual abuse survivors had a significantly greater number of negative life experiences, such as repeated victimization, marital and family instability, and decreases in socioeconomic status, than did those who had not been abused. Briere and his associates found significantly higher levels of psychological symptoms among both male and female survivors than among non-abused adults in clinical and nonclinical samples (Briere, Evans, et al., 1988; Briere & Runtz, 1988). Child sexual abuse is an etiological factor in some of the most severe mental disorders (Ratican 1992), including dissociative disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, sexual disorders, affective disorders, personality disorders, and substance abuse (Gelinas, 1983). It is thought to be a major cause of borderline and multiple personality disorders and may be a contributing factor in many others, such as paranoid and obsessive-compulsive and passive-aggressive disorders (Saltman & Solomon, 1982; Wheeler & Walton, 1987). Chapter 2: Data Analysis Research findings have suggested that between two and four females out of 10 have been sexually abused (Wilcox, Richards & O'Keeffe 2004), while approximately half as many males have been sexually abused (Cawson et al., 2000). (It should be borne in mind, however, that prevalence rates vary depending on how abuse is defined.) The literature also indicates that non-contact offences are reported less often, as well as incest offences (Wilcox, Richards & O'Keeffe 2004). General population estimates would suggest that one in 100 children are sexually abused by a father or father figure (Laurance, 2000). It is of considerable interest that estimates further suggested that two in 100 children are sexually abused by siblings. In respect of issues concerning the traumatic effects of sexual abuse, it seems significant that, despite these statistics, fathers

Service Marketing- managing supply and demand Essay

Service Marketing- managing supply and demand - Essay Example Differences between supply and demand occur because services cannot be inventoried, thereby giving it the unique characteristic of ‘perishability’. This is particularly found in sectors such as banking, healthcare, retail and hospitality sectors where the service manager is at a loss trying to balance the supply and demand issues. This is despite the fact that profitability is enhanced if the managers can balance the supply and demand issues (Klassen & Rohleder, 2001). However, with certain changes in the strategy, the supply and demand issues can be managed to some extent. While the different services sector attempt to enhance customer satisfaction levels, they are unable to schedule the services due to the uncertainty of demand. Klassen and Rohleder (2001) find that uncertainty of demand patterns and the inability to make precise demand forecasts have been responsible for the challenge and the struggle that services have been facing in managing capacity and demand. Unc ertainty and fluctuation of demand can be traced to culture and habit. In the banking sector demand changes every five minutes and the off-peak periods could last up to an hour. In the retail sector also demand is marked by uncertainty as the shoppers are not logical in their shopping habits. Services are intangible, perishable, heterogeneous, and inseparable (Gronroos, 1998; Ladhari, 2009).The term â€Å"service† denotes a sense of interpersonal attentiveness which contributes to customer satisfaction (Johns, 1998). However ‘fluctuating service demand’ is the greatest challenge facing the service managers. The challenge is intensified as the demand and the capacity occur simultaneously. Customers have to be served when they want the service and service cannot be inventoried. This is what creates the challenge. The challenge occurs more in capacity-constrained service organizations that face fluctuations in demand. Organizations cannot keep the productive capacit y high when the demand is low. One solution to overcome the challenges of wasting productive capacity is to tailor the capacity as per past experience to meet demand variations (Lovelock). For instance, in the hotel sector, some labor can be on contract basis that can be hired during the peak seasons and laid off during the low seasons. They can even rent out service equipments during low season to make up for low demand. In the service sector it is not possible to schedule customers. When the demand for the hotel rooms does not increase in proportion to the enhanced supply, the revenue per room derived by the hotel is low. The profitability of a company depends upon their ability to extract maximum possible revenue from a fixed quantity of goods and services. This is also known as Yield Management (YM). This allows the hotels and even the airlines to set prices based on the demand. Airlines such as Ryanair, South West Airlines and EasyJet have been proactive and adopted YM (Gothess on & Riman, 2004). This enabled them to maximize capacity utilization. While the new entrants in the airline sector adopted this approach, the established players in the sector initially were reluctant to change their policy. Over time, the older airlines too had to take this approach seriously and bring about changes. Thus flexibility in the pricing can help reduce capacity wastage and encourage maximize capacity utilization. Revenue Management (RM) and YM are interchangeably used. The airlines started using this technique to increase yield by allocating

Compare and contrast the great depression and todays great recession Essay

Compare and contrast the great depression and todays great recession - Essay Example Therefore, it is relevant to correlate historical experience of 20s with the current processes in the economy. In order to show distinctions and parallels between the Great Depression and the Great Recession, it is required to analyze the reasons of these periods in the American history, draw parallels between them in order to develop lessons for the future practical implementation of successful strategies and avoid mistakes of the previous years. Another supposed reason for the Great Depression is often found in banks collapse. When investors took away their money from the banks to pay debts, nearly 9,000 banks failed in less than 10 years. Therefore, a credit crisis occurred. Those individuals who had bank accounts lost their savings and businesses did not have an ability to expand. Furthermore, this drastic economic situation was also spoiled by a slow process of recession. People were afraid of spending their money and many companies had to decrease their production levels. As a result, a great number of unemployed people occurred. The American government managed to correct the challenging situation and introduced The Smoot – Hawley Tariff act of 1930. In accordance with this Act, American companies could easily trade with international companies and pay fewer taxes. Still, the government could not resist dust and drought storms, which devastated agricultural sector. As a result, the prices for food were high and p overty rates increased as well. As far as we can see, there are many parallels which can be found between the Great Depression and today’s Great Recession. Let us focus our attention on the reasons that triggered the Great Recession. In 2008 only 19 banks have experienced bankruptcy. In 1930, 744 banks failed. In 30s, banks were protected by the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) (Chee-Heong Quah and Crowley, 2009). Still, this system is more beneficial for banks nowadays. In

Emergency preparedness for Healthcare Professionals Article

Emergency preparedness for Healthcare Professionals - Article Example It is advisable that since a hospital is working as a team, then the fight and preparedness here should also be initiated as a team. To begin with, I will address the issues of someone coming in to attack the hospital with a weapon. Here, it is advisable that both patients and hospital officials should make a highway where some individuals can escape. In addition, the alarm system should be in place and in good condition, which will alarm the security officers on the attack immediately. Having put that across, it is also vital to raise concern over earthquake occurrence in the hospital. Earthquake is natural and often, hard to identify the direction to which it is originating from without machines assistance. Therefore, it is advisable for the hospital management to be well equipped with several kits that can last over seventy-two hours after the occurrence of the real incidence. Some of the kits are the ponchos, radios for communication and networking, food rations and flashlights j ust to sample but a few. Again, it is important for the hospital management to acknowledge the vitality of the emergency systems that will aid in notifications. Further, it will be awesome if the hospital is safe-guarded with earthquake safety measures, frames and foundations of the building should be reinforced to resist earthquake. Another unavoidable disaster is terrorism. Often, the increased potential of attacks by the terrorist directs the consequence and unique burden on Medicaid personnel. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the hospital management to prepare in advance for the fight against such act. Thus, the hospital officials have the mandate to implement policies that will protect health care personnel during the time when they will be attending to the victims. Therefore, it is pertinent to have ambulance in standby to evacuate some patients to other hospitals, order extra medicines and arrangements for security personnel. Again, alarming disaster is carbon Monoxide poisoning. In this regard, it is pertinent that the management team should ensure that there is proper installation of the carbon monoxide alarms, which can alert the concern authority audibly. The hospitals should have a professional checker of all burning appliances. It is not wise to be using oven or range to assist in heating the hospitals. Charcoal burning in hospital should be out of bounds. Another caution is that cars should not be left running since; this will not supply required air in the milieu. Lastly, hospital should develop extra decontamination rooms since it is not likely that pre-hospital personnel will manage to control all the contamination issues, the above will prevent hypothermia illness. Hurricane is another disaster that needs thorough preparedness. Here, for any hospitals to run effectively without worries of the severity of the hurricane, it is important that the following issues be put in place. Back-up generators are required to prevent black out conditi on. Hospital structures should be hardened and category five windows hurricane resistance put in place. Fuel tanks for the back-up generators should be available. Another natural disaster is the flood. It is worth to note that flood being a natural disaster calls for preparedness immediately when any sign shows up to avoid loss of life.

Child Development Models Essay Example for Free

Child Development Models Essay This essay will describe the different explanations for childrens behaviour, examining the Psychodynamic, Behaviourist and Social Learning perspectives. It will also evaluate each of these theories and make reference to their practical application. In doing so, the essay will set out how parents, child psychologists, social workers and teachers can aim to understand childrens behaviour.  As Haggerty (2006) states, The theory supporting psychodynamic therapy originated in and is informed by psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalytic approach to therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist. Freuds model proposed that an individual has three elements to their psychological self: the ego, superego and id. The id is the most primitive, consisting of largely unconscious  biological impulses. The ego uses reality and its  consequences to modify the behaviour being urged by the  id. The superego judges actions as right or wrong based  on the persons internal value system.  (Strickland ed., 2001, p.637)  According to Freud, children progress through various psychosexual stages of development. He claimed that, at particular points in the process, a single body part is particularly sensitive to erotic stimulation (Stevenson, 1996). The first stage begins at birth and continues until approximately 1 year old. It is classified as The Oral Stage because the mouth and lips are the main focus, displaying biting, sucking and chewing behaviour. The Anal Stage comes next and usually occurs between 1 and 3 years old. Toilet training encourages the child to enjoy expelling faeces. At this point the id will be satisfied by this instantaneous pleasure and will be in conflict with the ego and superego, which are concerned with controlling bodily functions to satisfy social expectations and practicality.  The Phallic Stage occurs between approximately 3 and 5 years old and contains one of Freuds most controversial theories, the Oedipus complex (or Electra complex in females). His theory states that the child becomes focused upon the genital area and experiences turmoil in the form of an unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and eliminate the same-sexed parent. What Freud termed the Latency Period comes next. He believed that sexual drive lay dormant due to repressed impulses and desires. At this stage, children focus upon non-sexual activities and form same-sex friendships.  At approximately 12 years old, a child faces puberty and enters what Freud classes as The Genital Stage. The focus returns to the genitals but this time in relation to others. There is now an interest in relationships and exploring sexuality. When a child is unable to resolve the conflicts that occur at any of these stages, fixation can occur. If needs are not met in a satisfactory way or if the individuals conscience or superego cannot deal with impulses and drives to love and to hate, then complex character traits emerge (Errington and Murdin, 2006). For example, oral fixation may result in an adult displaying pessimism, sarcasm or gullibility, whilst phallic fixation may result in recklessness or fear of commitment. Freud, like many who begin a movement, now receives much criticism. One area of weakness is the limited scope of his research, as his therapy work mainly focused upon upper middle class women. Another popularly criticised aspect of Freuds work is the emphasis on sexuality as, in his view, everything seems to stem from expression or repression of the sex drive (Boeree, 2006). Despite criticism, Freuds methods underpin the commonly held belief that childhood experiences are hugely important to personality development. In practical terms, those working with children today place great importance on ensuring that a childhood contains opportunities to develop, to learn the difference between right and wrong, and to learn to appropriately act upon or repress urges.  Behaviour therapy is defined as A collection of psychotherapeutic techniques aimed at altering maladaptive or unwanted behaviour patterns, especially through the application of principles of conditioning or learning. (Colman, 2006). The main influencers of this theory were Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Ivan Pavlov, later to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his research into the digestive system, observed that dogs would salivate upon seeing their keeper, apparently in anticipation of being fed. (Strickland ed., 2001, p.478). Pavlov extended his experiment and rang a bell immediately before food was served to the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would salivate upon the bell ringing, even if no food was then served. This led Pavlov to develop an understanding of conditioned responses and unconditioned reflexes.

Baz Luhrmanns William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example for Free

Baz Luhrmanns William Shakespeare Essay Essay William Shakespeare is one of the greatest poet and playwright in history. He is famous for plays that reach the his audience emotionally even though most of them were written 500 plus years ago. One of William Shakespeare most famous play is Romeo and Juliet which has being adapted many times over the years into modern versions to fit in with the audiences taste. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, my name is Heitor Hilberto and I’m here to talk about Romeo and Juliet. Baz Luhrmans 1996 adaptation of the classical love story of Romeo and Juliet had a great impact to its vast audience leaving most in tears. The technical and film codes were used very affectively in Baz Luhrmans adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, it does this by the reconstruction of the films location to the busy location of Verona, the action camera shots were well timed and positioned, the characters where modernised to suit the setting of the beach by using bright colours in their clothing. The movie connected with the audience because it was set in a modern city that the story took place in the big Verona, the movie followed the same timeline of events as the original play but was much easier to understand because it was set in the 90s which it makes it easier for us to relate and understand the movie if it’s at least set in our century. They used very dramatic lighting to enhance the scenes which helped the camera crew get the best possible shots of the characters faces, costumes, movements and the locations also made the movie very exciting, creating great drama because they knew when to used soft and hard lighting to enhance the movie, some of the best scenes showing the camera shots would be the petrol station which used soft lighting but fast and concentrated camera shots to make the action intense and very fast passed. The party at the cablets house which used hard lighting to show the party was vibrant with very bright colours, exiting and vivid but the pool area scene lighting was very soft and used a romantic camera angles which just credited the lighting and concentrated to the characters face to show their emotions and their love for one another. The costumes where very stylish and made the film reach out to its audience both young and old, costumes and props are very important to Romeo and Juliet, ( lurhmans 1996 version ) costumes aren’t only make the characters look good and stylish, it enables viewers to make rationale judgements about the characters, looks and how they might fit in society very quickly, the costumes in the party scene at the cablets house shows how the costumes can show the characters role in the movie, for example Juliet was dressed as an angel to show that she was sweet and pure, but Mercutio was dressed as the devil because he is an evil and dangerous man. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest poets and play writer in history. Thank you for your time and patience today.

Analyse Role Of Mentor Establishing Learning Opportunities Nursing Essay

Analyse Role Of Mentor Establishing Learning Opportunities Nursing Essay The purpose of this essay is to critically analyse the role of the mentor when establishing learning opportunities with the student that are appropriate for their level. Mentors in a Gynaecological ward are trained and qualified nurses, and often engage in mentorship programmes to help student nurses gain first hand insight and experience of working within a busy and demanding environment. The students vary from first year to third year nursing students and therefore their learning opportunities and abilities differ, and the mentors ability to facilitate any learning opportunities varies accordingly. The essay will consider key terms and concepts and clearly determine what learning opportunities mean both for the mentor and the mentee. The learning opportunities to be discussed in this essay are based on the students needs and requirements as stipulated by their university. These needs are usually the requirements of the pre-registration nursing programmes and are mandatory skill clu sters to help the student meet the Nursing and Midwifery Councils registration requirements. The essay will also critically analyse how a mentor supports and facilitates learning and manages to engage and teach students in a busy environment, ensuring that students are gaining the relevant skills and knowledge appropriate to their level and course expectations. A key facet of being a good mentor is having the ability to set realistic objectives and learning needs having assessed the capacity of the student (Gray and Smith, 2000). Nicklin and Kenworthy (2000) suggest that learning objectives are goals that encourage development of skills that students did not previously have. It is important to have a good supportive learning environment which will essentially provide the basis for many learning opportunities for the student (NMC, 2008a). The first thing to do when mentoring a student is to ensure that they are properly introduced to the ward, the staff and the environment. This helps to eliminate any stress or anxiety the student may have had prior to coming on the placement (Manthorpe and Stanley, 2000). This is especially so when it is the students first time on a placement and clinical environment. Following on from the introduction, the mentor will give the student an explanation of the different surgical procedures that are carried out , followed by a student information pack for further reading. The mentor is also required to explain to the student the requirement of maximum attendance during placement. This is not only stipulated in the university requirement, but also in the ward, and all students are required to have at least 40% attendance at placement as required by the NMC code (2008a). One of the first learning opportunities afforded by the mentor to his/her mentee in a gynaecology ward, is the chance to work in a multidisciplinary team to deliver the best care possible to the patient and his/her carers. By working in a multidisciplinary team, the student can engage with professionals of different levels from physiotherapists, occupational therapists and gynaecologists. In allowing the student to be involved in this environment, the mentor offers the student the opportunity to learn different skills and medical techniques that would perhaps have been less visible, if the student was to only work with the mentor and focus on specific learning needs (Gray and Smith, 2000). In a gynaecology ward, the mentor is able to facilitate such learning opportunities in a multidisciplinary team, by allowing a first year student to prepare a theatre patient and take the patient to theatre before retuning back to perform other tasks. However, there are occasions where a first year student may be more qualified than anticipated as they have been working as Health Care Assistants previously and therefore have acquired the necessary skills to be able to not only prepare and take a patient to theatre, but also return with the patient after the surgery. In this instance, the mentor needs to be aware of the different learning needs and provide the correct learning opportunities tailored to the students level. Contrastingly, the mentor may be given a final year student to teach in which case, the mentor needs to create and identify new learning opportunities for the student. Price (2004) specifies that it is the responsibility of practice staff to develop an environment conducive to learning, and mentors should continually monitor students progress to ensure that they provide appropriate support and experience for learners (Hand, 2006). In a gynaecology ward, the mentor can provide the final year student with the opportunity to not only prepare the patient for thea tre, but then collect the patient after the surgery and take hand over notes from the recovery nurse in order to then continue with the post operation care plan. Nevertheless, all the nursing students are offered the opportunity to work in other gynaecology areas including theatre to learn new processes, work with different professionals, and understand the different instruments and sutures used such as the gowns, gloves, operating table, drapes, skin preparation, swabs used, and the method of checking swabs and instrument numbers (Maxwell, 2004). The mentor can also provide more learning opportunities for their final year student aimed at developing their communication skills, by encouraging them to attend and participate in a hysterectomy meeting with the view of conducting their own meeting. At this meeting, the student will observe and listen to the material, then conduct her own research using the facilities available on the ward and the hospital such as the clinic, the library and other colleagues, to prepare her own presentation. This learning opportunity will give the student confidence in her ability to present to a diverse group of people ensuring that her communication skills are adaptable to all situations. Where the mentor observes that the student has gained a good level of understanding of the basic processes of a gynaecological ward, the mentor can find new learning opportunities for the student to develop his/her skills and competence (NMC, 2008a). Another opportunity which a mentor can afford to their student is providing the chance to perform the removal of a catheter using the aseptic technique. To help the student meet this learning need, the mentor identified several patients over a period of 3 shifts that required removal of a catheter and vaginal pack. The mentor explained to the student what this task was and the reason why it had to be carried out. Once the mentor had explained the purpose of the exercise, with the patients consent, the student observed the mentor removing the pack and catheter, carefully explaining each step of the process and the equipment used. After the student had observed this process 3-4 times, with the patients consent, the student was allowed to c arry out the same clinical process explaining to the mentor and the patient each step of her action as the mentor had done to demonstrate her understanding. This was a way for the mentor to assess the students competency and ability to take in large amounts of information (Watson et al, 2000). After the task was completed, documentation in the patients nursing notes was done. The mentors intervention ensured initial exposure to this clinical task was given, however the mentor needs to always be aware of areas for further improvement and building of confidence in the students performance (RCN, 2007a). Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) explain that a good mentor/student relationship will allow the sharing of knowledge between two individuals, and Collis-Pellattt (2006) add that mentors are expected to facilitate learning opportunities and tailor teaching to the students individual learning needs. The intervention accomplished both of these points. In a gynaecology ward, it is crucial that students have a sufficient knowledge of the fluid balance sheet. This is knowledge acquired from their university teaching and it is the mentors role to ensure that the student can put their theoretical knowledge in to practice whilst on their placement, by providing relevant learning opportunities designed to explore these practices (Morton-Cooper and Palmer, 2000). In a gynaecology ward, the majority of patients return from theatre with intra venous fluids as well as catheters. This is a prime learning opportunity for the student where the mentor can allow them to monitor the input and output of fluids and document the information accurately and clearly in the fluid balance chart. It is an opportunity for the student to learn how to calculate and measure the fluid output correctly in order to get an accurate figure of the patients medical needs. In doing this effectively, the student learns to detect any risk of retention or dehydration. In providing this earning opportunity, the mentor ensures that the student understands the need to manage risk effectively, reporting risks in order to maintain the safety and well being of the patient and all those concerned in the care of the patient. Due to the pace of a gynaecology ward, it is sometimes necessary for a mentor to allow the student to work independently provided that they have demonstrated the ability and willingness to progress and lead with limited supervision. NMC (2008a) suggest that the student is also responsible for their own learning and must follow the policy for completion of clinical assessments as set out by the clinical placement provider and reflect on and respond constructively to feedback they are given (NMC, 2008a). Often when a mentor is given a third year student to teach, the student will demonstrate a keenness to take on added responsibility on the ward. In this instance, the mentor can entrust the third year student with the management of a small number of patients, ensuring they carry out the necessary care for the patients, all in aid of helping the student develop the skills to prioritise patients care needs. In order to do this effectively, the student would have observed the mentor in th e first instance in his/her management of patient care. The mentor will explain that it is necessary to firstly prepare the theatre patient first before anything else, ensuring that the patient is changed into the correct garments, the theatre bed is made and the patient theatre checklist is completed and accurately documented. Once this is done, other tasks can then be followed in order of urgency. The mentor must also highlight to the student what is construed as urgent in a gynaecology ward, as perceptions differ on what is urgent in terms of prioritising work. Once the student has observed this process several times and the mentor feels that he/she is ready to take on this responsibility, the mentor can assign the student with a small number of patients to look after and with guidance, observe the student in action. The mentor will always ensure that the student is not left alone, and has guidance and supervision at all times (RCN, 2007a). All documentations will be checked and countersigned by the mentor before hand over to the next shift. Where appropriate, the student will also progress to learning bed allocation and the admission and discharge process. Although, some progressive second year students may also be afforded the opportunity to manage the care of patients in this learning environment, the mentor will often only assign one patient to the student and maintain continuous supervision due to the limited theoretical knowledge acquired at university to that point. By doing this, the mentor ensures that the student and the patient are not put at risk. In summary, it has been established that mentoring pre-registered nurses is a vital part of nurse education and has become common practice in the UK. It has been accepted that good mentoring is the result of well-planned learning opportunities and the provision of support and coaching for students, which should also incorporate an appropriate level of supervision (RCN, 2007a). The mentors are also learners in the process and they too require support and guidance from different professionals such as link tutors. Although this assistance is not always available to mentors, they are able to deviate from this problem by having more contact and communication with the students in order to bridge that gap. Duffy (2004) suggests that mentors often feel ill-prepared for their roles and lack the necessary support to carry out their duties as required not only from professional staff, but also from the students education institutions. Experience has shown that there are instances where mentors needed to contact link lecturers to discuss students competence levels but was unable to reach the lecturer and get the matter resolved urgently. What has also been noted as a hindrance to the mentoring process is the lack of quality time spent with the students whilst working on a clinical setting. There were many times when the ward was busy and it was impossible to maintain contact or teach the students during these times. I am of the opinion that clinical settings need to be made more adaptable to students and there needs to be an improvement made on making clinical settings also cater to a learning environment to assist training nurses wanting to progress into the nursing field.

World of Warcraft (WOW) Essay -- essays research papers fc

World of Warcraft (WOW) Introduction According to the World of Warcraft Community Site, World of Warcraft is â€Å"a massively multiplayer online game†¦enabling thousands of players to come together online and battle against the world and each other. Players from across the globe can leave the real world behind and undertake grand quests and heroic exploits in a land of fantastic adventure† (â€Å"World of Warcraft Guideâ€Å"). Although the origins of MMORPGs can be traced to the 1970’s, the release of Ultima Online and Everquest, commonly called UO and EQ respectively, in the late 1990’s brought MMORPGs to a broader PC gaming audience. Since the release of UO and EQ, MMORPGs have become a multi-billion dollar market. World of Warcraft went live in November of 2004, and its community has since grown to over 1.5 million players. Effective community management was made a staple in the industry by its two most notable pioneers. Community management is vital to the success of a MMORPG, and WoW i s no exception. Need for Player Representation in MMORPGs A system of communication between the players and developers has the potential to directly influence customer satisfaction. Jeremy Kelly points out â€Å"it is assumed that developers seek to maximize profits† (Kelly). From a developer’s standpoint, knowing the thoughts and feelings of the player base is one of the most important parts of the ongoing development MMORPGs are known for. Joshua Hong states that the key difference between a MMORPG and other online or offline videogames is the existence of a persistent world (6). Creating a MMORPG costs upwards of 15 million dollars, and this figure does not even include the cost of continued support after the game launches (Hong 8). â€Å"These games demand virtual worlds, significant hardware requirements from the developer (e.g., servers and bandwidth), and dedicated support staff† (â€Å"MMORPG†). Due to the unusually large investment needed to develop a MMORPG compared to normal games, MMORPGs only thrive financially through longevity. It is therefore imperative that good communication exists so customer satisfaction can be kept high. As seen in Figure 1, 63.5% of MMORPG players consider the most important aspect of the game to be influenced or directly controlled by mechanics coded by the developers (â€Å"Making friends† and â€Å"Pretending to be someone else† are considered to be primarily soci... ...esentation system for World of Warcraft similar to the systems used in other leading MMORPGs. Works Cited â€Å"Blizzard Entertainment Announces World of Warcraft Street Date – November 23, 2004.† Blizzard Entertainment - Press Releases. 4 Nov. 2004. Blizzard Entertainment. 13 May 2005. Hong, Joshua. â€Å"Play for Keeps.† Play for Keeps. 2003. Juniper Networks. 13 May 2005. Kelly, Jeremy. â€Å"Play Time.† Anthemion.org – Words. 8 Feb. 2004. Anthemion. 13 May 2005. MMORPG. 2003. Absolute Astronomy. 13 May 2005. â€Å"Team Leads.† The Camelot Herald. 2005. Mythic Entertainment. 30 April 2005. â€Å"Who are Correspondents and What do They Do.† Station.com: Star Wars Galaxies. 2 Nov. 2004. Sony Online Entertainment. 30 April 2005. â€Å"World of Warcraft Guide.† World of Warcraft Community Site. 2005. Blizzard Entertainment. 30 April 2005. â€Å"World of Warcraft Sets New Milestone with 1.5 Million Subscribers Worldwide; Blizzard's MMORPG Achieves Unprecedented Global Success.† TMCnet News. 17 March 2005. TMCnet. 13 May 2005. â€Å"WoWCensus - WoW Classes.† WoWCensus. 10 May 2005. 13 May 2005. Yee, Nick. â€Å"The Daedalus Project.† The Daedalus Project: The Psychology of MMORPGs. 11 May 2005. 13 May 2005.

Juvenile Stats On Crime :: essays research papers

40% of all residential burglary charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles -- up from 9% in 1996. 28% of all non-residential burglary charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles -- up from 5% in 1996. 29% of all Residential Entry charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles -- up from 18% in 1996. 19% of all Theft charges and 18% of all Receiving Stolen Property charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles -- down from 22% (Theft) and up from 6% (Receiving) in 1996. 18% of all Auto Theft charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles -- up from 6% in 1996. 16% of all Criminal Conversion charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles. 37% of all Child Molesting charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles. 25% of all Handgun Violation charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles. 12% of all Marijuana Possession charges filed in 1997 were committed by juveniles. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Secure Detention Costs The per diem costs to Morgan County of placing juvenile delinquent offenders in the Johnson County Juvenile Detention Facility decreased in 1997, as compared to 1996. According to the weekly detention statistics maintained by the Morgan Superior Court No. 2, the total costs of secure detention of juvenile delinquent offenders in 1997 was approximately $179,900.00 (average cost: $3459.00 per week). By comparison, the total costs of secure detention of juvenile delinquent offenders in 1996 was approximately $214,686.00 (average cost: $4128.00 per week). Juvenile Probation Supervision Stats As of January 1, 1997, 154 juvenile delinquency cases were under supervision by the Juvenile Probation officers of Morgan County. During 1997, 302 new probation cases were referred to probation supervision; of that total, 164 Delinquents and Status offenders were placed under formal probation supervision, and 125 Delinquents and Status offenders were placed under informal probation adjustment and supervision. Also during 1997, 246 probation cases were completed and closed. As of December 31, 1997, 210 juvenile delinquency cases were open and under supervision by the Juvenile Probation officers. Here is a table summarizing Juvenile Delinquency Probation Cases supervisions for 1997: Total Supervisions Pending on 1/1/97 154 Total Supervisions Opened during 1997 302 Formal Probation - Delinquents 101 Formal Probation - Status Delinquents 63 Informal Adjustment - Delinquents 54 Informal Adjustment - Status Delinquents 71 Transfers in: Intra/Inter State 2 Supervisions Completed/Closed during 1997 246 Supervisions Pending on 12/31/97 210 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Waiver of Jurisdiction in Juvenile Delinquency Cases to Adult Court

The Florence Baptistery :: essays research papers fc

People often try to imitate a finished product if it has become popular. When this is done after several years it is considered a revival. Usually the artist or patron has a purpose such as modeling after a powerful culture or religious significance. They may slightly change or mix other styles to make the best of past and present. In Florence Italy there stands a baptistery. It resides west of the Florence Cathedral, which was modeled after the baptistery. The Cathedral began in 1296 by Arnolfo di Cambio. Although the two resemble each other, they are considered to be from two different styles. The Baptistery of S. Giovanni is categorized as Romanesque while the cathedral is considered Gothic. The exterior of the cathedral doesn't appear to be Gothic, it's the interior that is. The baptistery possesses an octagonal structure with an extension to the west. This extension was originally an apse. There are doors to the north, south, and east sides. All of the doors are decorated with beautiful sculptures. The first doors were done by Andrea Pisano and set the standards for the next to come. The second set, the first done by Lorenzo Ghiberti, were originally hung on the east end, but were soon moved to the north side to make room for the final set. These final doors, by Ghiberti, have earned the name 'Gates of Par adise.'; The name S. Giovanni was given to the baptistery because of the remains of Piazza S Giovanni found beneath the floor in a medieval cemetery. Historians have argued the baptistery's date for a few hundred years and it is still completely unsure what is it. The first recorded documentation of the baptistery's existence was March 4th, 897. Many have come to agree that the original constructed was during the 6th and 7th centuries and much of the restoration happened around 1059. Through the years nature's forces have taken their toll upon the San Giovanni. Several restorations have been made to the exterior and the interior since the 10th century. The most drastic change done would have to be the exterior marble. Around 1293 the corner pilasters were reconstructed with alternating slabs of green and white marble. This technique wasn't ever seen in the Florentine school and was assumed to have originated in Pisa. The use of alternating marbles and the arcade sills wrap around th e entire building. It gives a sense flowing continuity.

Marketing Smoke Out Essay

Many products have been sold in the market offering to stop a smoker from smoking. However, many of these products have failed. The main reason is that the body has been addicted to nicotine. Thus, the body craves for a stick and a stick and a stick and a stick and so on and so forth of cigarette to quench the body’s desire for the deadly nicotine. The following paragraphs explains how the new product Smoke out will finally fill the smokers’ desire to stop their smoking habit dead in its tracks. a. What is the product name? Describe the product. 2 pts. The new product is   smoke out. The product looks like a real cigarette stick. At one end of the cigarette has drawn to look like it has been lighted. And, at the other is a cigarette butt that feels like the real cigarette but. The cigarette butt which enters the smokers’ mouth has been filled with medicine. This medicine tastes and smells like a real cigarette smoke. However, The best advantage about this cigarette is that the smoker does not cut his habit of smoking entirely. For, he continues to smoke the smoke out in order to comply with his habit of smoking. Only, this time, a non smoking medicine is swallowed by the cigarette and cigar smokes that smells and tastes like smoke but the medicine actually mixes with the smoker’s blood and neutralizes the nicotine that is already in the smokers’ body. For, nicotine is an addictive chemical that sparks the human body’s craving to smoke another cigar or cigarette. For, many people have developed this smo king habit many years back. And they feel that stopping the smoking habit is a gargantuan task (Michman, Mazze & Greco, 2003, p. 1). B1. Explain how you are segmenting the market. 5 pts. The market segment is the smoking public. This segment includes people who smoke from the earliest possible age to the oldest possible age. Also, this segment includes all the male and female genders. Likewise, this segment includes all smokers in the all economic classes. Meaning the poor, the rich, the averagely rich and the extremely rich and buy this new product out in the market called Smoke out. In addition, this product will be sold to people of all religions. This product will zoom in to the African American customers, the White Americans, the Americans of European descent, the Americans of East Asian descent, the Americans of East. Likewise, the market segment will include the Mexicans, the Canadians, the South American descent. The above segment will be implemented in order not be branded as a discriminator of customers. This segment will first be test piloted in the Los Angeles, California area in January of 2008. This will continue until March of 2008. Next, the second phase of the product launch of Smoke out the product will be launched in June of 2008 if the test here will produce enough profits to merit continuing to the next phase. However, if the results of the first phase in Los Angeles California will not be successful because the sales generated will not exceed the total amount of marketing expenses, the administration expenses and the cost of raw materials, direct labor and factory overhead in producing the Smoke out product (Michman, Mazze & Greco, 2003, p. 1). B2. Why did you choose this method of customer segmentation? Be specific. 2 pts. This market segmentation give the best results at lesser expenses. For, the company’s selling only in the Los Angeles market is similar to injecting a new drug into rats as guinea pigs to determine if the drug will cure cancer or eliminate diabetes. This is the first phase of the market segmentation in the drug manufacturing and selling business. And, this phase one will now move on to phase two of the experimentation if the drug test shows that the drugs will be cure the cancer   or diabetes in the rats. However, the drug testing will not continue to phase two of the medical experimentation if the drug does not cure the cancer or diabetes. Obviously, phase two will continue if the drug shows that the drug can cure cancer and diabetes in rats. The phase of this drug experiment is injecting the cancer and or diabetes   -curing drug on humans who have cancers and diabetes (Michman, Mazze & Greco, 2003, p. 24). Thus, the phase two will no push through if the Los Angeles, California test pilot segment will show that people abhor the product and the costs and expenses to produce the Smoke out will be higher than the revenues generated from selling the smoking habit buster product. For, there is a very high probability that this smoke busting product will not generate net profits if the Smoke out product will not generate net profits in the Los Angeles test pilot area within the three month test period (Michman, Mazze & Greco, 2003, p. 53). c. Who is the target market? The target market, which is phase 1 (Los Angeles, California) has been chosen because it mimics many states within the United States. Thus, whatever will be the financial findings in this test pilot area will give a high probability of what will happen when the product is finally launch all over the United States and all countries around the world. Meaning, California has people in the fire hazardous forests. Los Angeles is the home to the rich where Rodeo Drive located and the Beverly Hills area where the rich take up their residences. It also has its share of poor people living in †¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚   It also has its share of the lesbians and gays. Los Angeles has its share of Asians, African Americans, Europeans, South Americans and other races. It has also different religions inside its boundary. It has also both males and females resembling the gender population of other states. It has its own share of smokers just like the smoking population of the other states within the Unit ed States (Moschis, 1994, p. 6). For Los Angeles   represents the very best of America which includes Beverly Hills and Malibu and the Worst of America. The worst of Los Angeles includes the gang wars and day to day violence in the streets. Also, the Los Angeles population is most populated by African Americans, Latinos and native Americans since 1781. Los Angeles is well known for its beautiful weather most of the year. The cost of living here is also high but not too high for the average wage American (Collier, 2002). Thus, the success of Smoke out in Los Angeles will have a high probability of being a success when it is marketed to the entire United States segment (Moschis, 1994, p. 10). d. What are your products’ benefits to the target market? 4 pts. The product will give the smoker the feeling that he is smoking. Thus the does not literally cut his smoking habit. What happens is that the medicine fused into the Smoke out will slowly neutralize the nicotine that has been piled up for many years in the smokers’ blood and lungs. The smokers will lose their crave for smoking without even a sweat because it is the medicine that neutralizes the body’s craving for addiction for nicotine (Moschis, 1994, p. 90). e. At what price will your product be introduced? Why? 4 pts. The price will be $100. This price is based on the simple reason that a person’s health cannot be equated to cash. For a person’s life is priceless. Also, the cost of the Smoke Out Is surely lesser than if the smoker will be operated in the hospital for lung cancer and high blood which is one of the side effects of smoking for many years (Moschis, 1994, p. 123). f. What pricing strategy are you using? Why? 4 pts. The pricing strategy used is the cost plus profit pricing. For, a business has to generate revenues that will exceed the total amount of costs and daily operating expenses of marketing the Smoke out product (Abdallah, 2004, p. 48). g. What objectives will be accomplished by using this strategy? Be specific. 5 pts. The objectives that will be accomplished by this strategy are: – To know if the people will buy the product. – To know if enough people will buy the product so that the revenues from sales will  be more than the total costs and expenses of producing and marketing the Smoke out  product launch. – To generate findings from a test pilot launch so that results will be known at a earlier  stage of the product life cycle (Moschis, 1994, p. 93). h. Why is the product worth this price? 2 pts. As discussed above, a person’s life cannot be equated to money for it is priceless. Thus, the $100 selling price of the product will not be noticed when the product is marketed as best   product to stop smoking without even trying. i. Identify and explain what prices you should charge at each stage of the PLC? 12 pts. I will use the same $100 selling price at each stage of the product life cycle. The reason is plain and simple. A person’s life is worth more than $1,000,000 and $100 is just   a trickle from a person’s monthly salary. Thus, if the product will be bought with price of $100 which is very very very low and affordable.

Primary Education in India: Evolution, Structure and Development Essay

commandment is superstar of the major(ip) factors which consider a nations scotch and scientific harvesting. In the field, an attempt has been do to analyze the original training arrangement of India and how it has evolved e verywhere the course of history and unnatural confused sections of the society. To create the report, various info sources, spotary search, surveys and brass legislations were used and referred. The report charts the evolution of the Indian command organisation in an attempt to to a let looseer placestand the reasons so-and-so the present condition of the organization.A interpretation of the features of the humans culture carcass and upset cost unavowed teachhouseing come emergeline in India, two in dam jump on of quantity and forest, has been deliverd with the help of various entropy sources and substitute research. It was institute that the literacy place, especi entirelyy in the teenageder age groups, for some(prenomi nal) boys and little girls atomic yield 18 on an upward trend. However, the increase in literacy prizes and packing nominated has non been same in various sections of society as puff up as various decl bes.Similarly, literacy whole steps for girls, region-bred residents, and members of schedule sets and schedule tribes as well as lag behind those for boys, urban residents and the speed castes. Public uptake on fosterage in India has been rising over m and the regime world-classs take for resulted in a 9% increase in the literacy graze from 2001 to 2011. An analysis of the educateing carcass launchs the growth in the literacy range of the nation since liberty and how it par anyels with the increase in initiatives by the Indian organisation.It reflects non-uniform growth and dissimilitude in the breeding imparted with respect to various sections, castes, sexual practice and invokes in the country. The report alike divulges to increase the though t of different perspectives and resources to the present frame of radical(a) grooming and tuition in the country. 2. penet symmetryn first bringing up is the fixation on which the development of ein truth country is make on. In e rattling country in the world, culture is ack instantaneouslyledged as a as well asl for development and prosperity. information is viewed as an intrinsic everyy valuable commodity and a meat to economic and kind benefit of an individual as well as an entire nation. ? Most developed nations in the world also possess a sound elemental and secondary instruction system. In the past few decades, the disposal of India has poreed on provision of much drills quantity and not on the character. Various stu falls directn in the report exit demonst compute that the pctageage of function whollyy lite order is very hap little and the inadequacy of radical facilities and drop of infrastructure in grooms. governings continuous efforts in the form of weapons platforms akin Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, DPEP, Mid-Day meals post be credited to arrive at the to a higher place objectives. Literacy Rate of India has had an increase of 62% since independence, merely individual literacy criterion of various offers try significant variations. In 2011, 95% population of 7+ of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra were literate, charm Bihar had a literacy rate of 63. 25% with a female literacy rate of 33. 6%. The results of the surveys conducted show that some nominates argon pedagogics each(prenominal)y much advanced than differents.Indias un line of workatic upbringing has evolved from the tralatitious rails to the neo shaperoom. This has stipulation the fortune to the raft to get educated. New modern fostering also exposes the world and abides sui dodge infrastructure for an integrated learning environment. Indias literacy range turn in increase from 12. 0% to 74. 04% in 2011 and although the male-female lite racy rate spreading is til now 24. 1%, it has decreased over the remnant decade by 10%. The number of radical schools has increase three-fold from 209,671 to 664,041 and now 90% population has a school inside 1 kilometer. composition critics argue that the master(a) discipline system of India is not as advanced as the system in or so(prenominal) developed countries, it is bound to become unmatched of the fastest ripening and closely effective systems in the world in the near future due to the solid policies do by the politics and the fast growth of the alternative cultivation system. 3. muniment AND EVOLUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING IN INDIA ? In the pre-British era, knowledge in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools c wholeed gurukuls.Historically and traditionally, India had predecessors to the modern system of higher(prenominal) gentility at Nalanda, Takshashila and Ujjain Universities where Science, Art, Economics, Politics, Law, and Medicine were the few early subjects that were taught. The British came to India in the second half of the millennium and by the ripe 19th and early 20th century, they were in(predicate) and instrumental in creating a puritanical schooling system with prime and secondary procreation which has been fol brokened by the Indian maintain ever since. After India gained independence in 1947, fostering became the responsibility of the states.The Central Governments just now obligation was to ordinate in technical and higher fostering and specified standards. This referd till 1976, when the upbringing became a joint responsibility of the state and the Centre.? In 1976, breeding was do a joint responsibility of the states and the Centre with with(predicate) a inbuilt amendment Center is be by Ministry of homo Resource ontogenesiss Department of program line and unneurotic with the states, it is jointly responsible for the formulation of nurture policy and formula tening.The 86th Amendment of the Indian constitution makes culture a fundamental right for all tikeren aged 6-14 geezerhood. When India gained independence, the literacy rate was as low as 12% just has been growing ever since. unconstipated though the literacy rate rose to 74% in the 2011 census which also translated into economic growth, theres unsounded a long expression to go. In recent past, India has made expectant progress in terms of change magnitude uncomplicated instruction scroll, attention rate, retention and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population.Figures released by the Indian giving medication in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 mere(a) school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free for tykeren for 6 to 14 old age of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to set-apart and Compulsory Education Act 2009. there prevail been several efforts to enhance smell made by the government. The order Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universal jointize primary reading in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary tuition system.85% of the DERP was funded by the primeval government and the re master(prenominal)ing 15 per centum was funded by the states. 4. STRUCTURE OF THE government activity SCHOOLS The main types of schools ar those controlled by State government boards The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) go forthside(a) schools. These schools try to copy the schools in the wolfram in pattern and syllabus and argon considerably more(prenominal)(prenominal) expensive than firm schools. Overall, according to the current Government cartoon undertaken by NUEPA (DISE, 2010-11), there be over 1 million schools.Expenditure on Education in India Expenditure on gro oming is on a rise. The Indian budget has provided Rs. 34,400 crores to the breedingal sector in India. It is an increase of 20% over foregoing category. In 2004 using up on education stood at 3. 52% of the gross domestic product and in the el chargeth plan it is estimated to be nearly 4% while it should be at least 6% of GDP. The District culture System for Education (DISE) describe in 2012 that 95% of Indias verdant populations argon indoors virtuoso kilometer of primary schools.The 2011 Annual Status of Education get across (ASER), which tracks trends in farming(prenominal) education, indicated that enrollment rates among primary-school-aged children were about 93%, with little passing by gender. However, behind the veil of such(prenominal) promising statistics, the learning outcomes of Indias children show little progress. The country ranked 63 out of 64 in the latest Program for Inter matter Student estimation (PISA) hold, with some of its best schools ranked ab out average among those surveyed. The 2011 ASER stated that only 48. 2% of disciples in the fifth grade can read at the second grade level.The number of school-age childs end their primary education with in comely numeracy and literacy skills is startling. To see this manifest in an economic sense, one whitethorn proportion Indias productivity growth dawdle behind that of East Asian economies to a lack of progress in the frameational elements of countrywide, high-quality education. Indias cloistered-schooled, English-speaking urban elite may attract global attention, but they atomic number 18 in the minority. The vast majority of Indian children attend government-run primary schools in country-bred argonas.In 2008-2009, awkward India carded for more than 88% of Indias primary-school students, of whom over 87% were enrolled in government-run schools. This is where we see some of the nations challenges. The destiny of India is now organism determine in her classrooms . (Education Commission, 1964-66. ) This statement rings lawful half a century later.? While the development planners rightly recognized that expansion of educational facilities has to be accompanied with improvements in quality and relevance of education at all levels, the outcome is different at different places in the country.5. THE INDIAN guild AND ITS ROLE IN THE EDUCATION frame 5. 1 Socio-economic disparities Despite the strong constitutional backing for the provision of primary education in India and its expansion over sequence, the system is characterized not only by low acquirements but also by big un dismantleness of achievements. Differences remain amongst rural and urban argonas, and the probability of getting either education at all shrewdly depends on gender, caste and income. Women, scheduled castes and tribes and the scurvy atomic number 18 faced with barriers when it comes to getting elementary education.Of the 200 million children in the age group 6-14 , it is estimated that 59 million atomic number 18 out of school. Of these 35 million are girls and 24 million are boys (Ministry of Human Development, GOI). Apart from socio-economic determinants, the educational infrastructure and the oversight and the governance of the educational system in India are far from efficient or sufficient. The government is the mammothst provider of education in India with only about10% of primary schools owned by the clannish sector.Thequality of education provided by the public education system is low which translates into low educational abilities even for those who are able to complete primary education cycle. Moreover, there is a lot of take in the educational system with dropout rates as high as 40% for the country as a full-length and in some Indian states, they are as high as 75%. Though the number of primary schools in the country increased, more than 1 hundred thousand habitations still do not oblige price of admission to a primary s chool within a distance of one kilometer.Teacher-pupil proportionalitys are inadequate less than 2 teachers are available in rural areas to teach a class size of it of around 100 students. Teacher penury and principle incentives are also very weak. 5. 2 coarse-Urban and Gender Disparities Perhaps, the largest discrimination in educational attainment in India is by rural-urban location. While there has been some contractable up in literacy rates for two males and females amidst rural and urban areas, the differences continue to be unacceptably large, oddly for females. The child sex balance also has a major impact on the disparity of the education imparted.Haryana, where the child sex ratio is decreasing, also sees the maximum amount of disparity when it comes to gender inequation of education. Only 46% of females in rural areas were literate as opposed to nearly 73% in urban areas in 2001, a spread head of around 27 percentage points. For males, the good luck was note at around 15% percentage points with 71. 18% of males in rural areas and 86. 42% in urban areas being literate in 2001. However, school attention has been rising for both girls and boys at the elementary school level in both rural and urban areas.The succeeding(a) table shows school attending for boys and girls in the 614 long time age category in 1992-93 and 1998-99 for rural and urban areas. Fewer girls attend school in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts, and also compared to boys in rural areas. The proportion of girls attend schools, however, has increased from 59% to 70% in the midst of the age under comparison. School attention (%), age 6-14 years 1992-93 Female Rural Urban Total 52 79 59 Male 72 85 75. 5 1998-99 Female 70 86 74 Male 81 89 83.While friendship of girls in education has seen an increase over time at all levels of education, it continues to lag behind that of boys. Even in 2001-2002, girls enrolment remains below 50% of total enrolment at the primary school level. This is true of girls enrolment at all levels of education, though they allow been increasing at levels beyond the primary as well. The table higher up provides enrolment data, which only takes into account entry into the school system and not attendance or retention, which as we lose illustrious above was 73% for females compared to 79% for males.Moreover, if we view statistics for India as a whole, the numbers hide enormous variations. correspond to the Indian Census of 2001, of the 593 districts in India, 309 districts had (total) female literacy rates lower than the discipline average and 324 districts had a gender gap in (total) literacy rates that was greater than the topic average. The gender gap in education is mostly due to entrenched gender norms, especially in the states of the north, where girls are hook up with off at very young ages and exogamy in marriage means that any benefits of investment in education of girls will be captured by the phratry after marriage.This nullifys enatic incentives in the education of girls. The gender gap in education perhaps reaches its apogee in the North-western state of Rajasthan which can be seen as demonstrative of what plagues gender equity in education in India as a whole. According to the 1991 Census, Rajasthan had 7 million children of primary school going age of which only 52. 8% attended school. Moreover, among girls the attendance rate was only 37. 4%. The drop out rate from the primary school system was as high as 55%.A large fraction of out of school children were girls. Among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the literacy rates for women were as low as 9% and 7% respectively. Thus, gender and caste attitudes sop up resulted in unplayful gender inequity in education in Rajasthan. These tender attitudes are reproduced officially rendering them invisible, tho deepen the low status of women in Rajasthan. 5. 3 schedule Castes and Tribes Membership in castes c ontinues to use a powerful influence on the attainment of socio-economic well being for mickle in India.This is reflected in more or less all the social and economic development indicators for scheduled castes and tribes in India vis-a-vis the rest of the population. Scheduled tribes do worsened than scheduled castes and girls be to scheduled castes and tribes do much worse than boys belonging to scheduled castes and tribes. At the primary school level, most boys are now enrolled in schools and the percentage of girls enrolled has also alter over time, though it continues to lag in certain states. superstar of the tables in the concomitant provides enrolment ratios for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes for 1997-98. register ratios for boys are above 100% for all states. However, drop-out rates for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are higher than average. In the trip of scheduled tribes, nearly 64% of boys and 70% of girls drop out to begin with completing primary school (MHRD, 1994). 6. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE SYSTEM Education is one of the most important parameters that can result a country to a more sustained growth trajectory. The effect of education increases more in a country like India with over 1billion people.It should be noted that till 1976 in India, education was a state subject . Post 1976 even the substitution government got involved in the process but the state could still enact laws modifying those passed by the central government. This implies that the primary responsibility for education lies with the state government. It may be noted that while expenditure on primary education may be nominal or even zero, especially in rural areas, the hazard cost of education can be high which is why legion(predicate) households in the rural areas are reluctant to conduct their children to school.They see them as earning members of their families right from their childhood. In 2001-2002, In dia spent about 4% of its GDP on education, which is less than the proposed 6%. The following table shows government expenditure on education (all levels) as a ratio of expenditure on all sectors as well as percentage of GDP. From above, it is cleared that elementary education was ignored by the government and more emphasis were abandoned to secondary and tertiary education but at the start of the 21st century elementary education was finally wedded its due importance by storage allocation of more money.Elementary education is financed almost completely by the government central, state and local and government funds account for 99% of all recurring expenditure in elementary education. The District uncomplicated Education Program(DPEP) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA) are two large scale programs undertaken by the government of India to provide primary and upper primary education to all the citizens of India. 6.1 District Primary Education Program (DPEP) The Government of India launched the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) in 1994 with the aim to attain the goal of universal elementary education. The objectives of the program are To provide access to all children to primary education through formal primary schools or its equivalent through alternatives To reduce overall dropouts at the primary level less than 10 percent To increase achievement levels by 25 percentage points over and above the measured baseline levels To reduce disparities of all types to less than 5 percent.The criteria to identify districts under the programme are educationally ward districts with female literacy below the national average Districts where TLC(Total Literacy Campaigns) have been successful principal to enhanced demand for primary education (Department of Education 1993). When the program was launched in 1994, it cover forty-two districts in seven states, that is to say Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Later, it was extended to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Currently, the program covers 176 districts in 15 states of India.These states together have 60% of the child population in India. Another 60-65 districts are slated be brought into the DPEP fold. DPEP is a centrally sponsored scheme with the central government providing 85% of funds and the state government providing the remaining 15%. The share of the central government comes from remote assistance from bilaterally symmetrical and multilateral agencies such as the introduction argot, IDA, DFID, EC, UNICEF and the government of Netherlands. In the first layercoach of DPEP, 1,60,000 teachers were trained, 4,500 new schools, 5,000 class rooms were constructed and 14,400 bum and water facilities provided.According to a memorize conducted by the National Institute of educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA, 1998a), amidst 19931994 and 1996-1997, enrollment rates in DPEP districts increased by more than in non-DPEP districts. In legion(predicate) of the DPEP districts, primary school enrollment of girls increased at a higher rate than that for boys. Of the additional 6, 30,000 children enrolled in 39 of the 42 mannequin I DPEP districts between 1995-6 and 1996-7, 51. 5% were girls. Another NIEPA bailiwick (NIEPA, 1998b), found that among the DPEP phase I states, the highest enrollment increase of 35. 6 % was in Assam followed by Haryana (15.9%) and Maharashtra (14. 6%) in 1996-97.The national average was 9. 4 per cent. In 1997-98, the highest increase in enrollment was in Madhya Pradesh (10. 5%). 6. 2 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) The central government launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Universal Elementary Education) in 2001. The goal of SSA was to provide meaningful and quality education to all children between the ages 6-14 by 2010. It is an umbrella plan for elementary education in India and includes the DPEP. SSA is a response to the demand for quality grassroots education all over the country and an opportunity for promoting social justice through basic education.It is a partnership between central, state and the local government. Objectives of SSA entirely children should be in school, Education guarantee centre, alternative school or back to school camp by 2005. All children in the state complete five dollar bill years of primary schooling by 2007. All children complete eight years of schooling by 2010. Focus should be made on Elementary emphasis on education for life in the state. Education of satisfactory quality with Bridge all gender and social category gaps at the primary stage by 2007 and at the elementary level by 2010 in the state. Universal retention of children by 2010. The financial obligation by the government towards SSA has been estimated to be an additional Rupees 6,000 million over the near ten years to be shared by the central and state governments. different the DPEP, the SSA is a program that is entirely domestically funded and does not rely on external resources. The funds for the SSA are allocated from the Union Budget. Secondly, the SSA is an initiative of the Central government, even though education in India is largely the responsibility of state governments.6.3 Mid Day Meal abstract (MDMS) It is the largest noon meal programme in the world. It covered about 10. 46 crore children of primary and upper primary classes in 11. 92 lakh govt. aided, local body, and NCLP Schools as well as Education Guarantee strategy (EGS). Rs 48000 crores allocated for the program me during the 11th five year plan Rs 38,000 crores spent so far. The benefits of MDMS are Preventing classroom hunger Promoting school participation Facilitating healthy growth of children Intrinsic educational value Fostering social equality Enhancing genderequity Psychological Benefits The nutritionary norm for upper primary stage was intractable at 700 Calories and 20 grams of prot ein. midday meal scheme is an important step forward in improving both the education and health outcomes of children in India and greater effort and funds should be channeled in improving its quality and implementation. 7. QUALITY AND beat India has complex social structure where economic, social and gender disparities are present. Providing education to the masses keeping in mind disparities in the Indian society has been the goal of the government since independence.In India there is an emphasis on provision of more schools (quantity) and providing scant(p) access to these institutes. Quantity of an education system can be defined as the measure of physical access to schools. chthonic Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan the government aims to ensure that every somebody in India has a school within one kilometer of his/her residence and is given free primary education. This is to ensure that in rural and tribal areas where resources people have are limited, have easy access to school. Betwee n 1950-51 and 2011-2012, the number of primary schools increased from 209,671 to 664,041, which is more than a three-fold increase.Eighty-four percent of Indian population now has a primary school within one kilometer and local government or local bodies run ninety percent of these schools. Quality of an education system is a measure of school supplies, level of teaching and basic amenities provided by the school. pitiable quality education system indicates that students who have completed primary school are not functionally literate and numerate. In Maharashtra, Community based surveys of 28 cities and 8 rural districts in 2003 found that 30% students were able to read basic texts and set basic arithmetic according to a report by A.K. Bannerjee in 2001. The probe group in 1999 describe akin(predicate) results in Northern states.A study of two districts of Madhya Pradesh by Leclercq in 2002 found that only 27% students were able to read texts fluently. Thus, while increase in l iteracy rates are significant, the numbers may be misleading and do not show the functional literacy rates. The infrastructure in schools is an important measure of the ability of the education institution to impart quality education to students. Most schools do not have classrooms large enough to accommodate all students.TheProbe Report in 1999 found that there are as umteen 40-50 students in a class with its seating room capacity of only 25 on an average. The low figures of 25 in schools in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh do not indicate adequate resources, but low attendance in the schools. School structures also lack basic facilities like running water and toilets. A study showed that in Uttar Pradesh, 54% schools did not have running water and 86% schools did not have toilets (World Bank, 1997). Grover and Singh (2002) in their study of two districts of Tamil Nadu found that out of twentyfive schools only two had toilets.The non- handiness of these basic facilities reduces student a ttendance, as the students have to return to their cornerstone to use these basic facilities. The lack of bump toilets for boys and girls also influences parents incentives to delegate their daughters to school. The quality of education provided is most unnatural by the teachers in the institute. Teacher availability in rural areas is very low. A report by a nongovernmental organization (CSO 2001) shows that 80% teachers in rural areas maintain for transfer to urban areas. This has led to severe imbalance in distribution of resources between the two areas. This reflects on the student-teacher ratio.India has a student to teacher ratio of 43, which is almost, double the ratio observed in developed countries. Moreover, most rural schools (almost 45%) are undivided or two-teacher schools, there is multi-grade teaching, which reduces the quality of education even further and is not shown by pupil-teacher ratios. at that place is little check on teacher accountability and teacher attendance reported is also low. In many schools, a lot of teaching time is devoted to do paperwork than actual teaching. In rural areas, Opening and closing generation of the school deviate from the administrative fixed timings according to the whims of the teachers.The Grover and Singh report (2002) found that schools were much unexpectedly closed during rain, excessive heat, or agriculture peak period and for ethnical reasons like marriages. This finally leads to irregular attendance and poor people quality of education. Teacher cogency is an important parameter in the education system. In Tamil Nadu, The Grover and Singh report found that 85% teachers had adequate qualifications and 2 years of training for High school education, but this is not the case in other states like UP, Bihar and Rajasthan.Teacher training programs are also not designed for the human beings of environment and the constraints under which teaching in truth takes place. There is no focus on single-teach er schools where a teacher has to teach sixfold grades and handle administration. The program also does not sensitize teachers for economic and social disparities, which are characteristic to the Indian scenario. Stronghold of teacher-unions has further reduced teacher accountability. In 2002, 457 allegations were registered against teachers and principals for turpitude.This includes miss-use of school funds, recruitment of friends and sexual relations as teachers and selling important positions in the school by bribes and social connections. Teacher apathy comes out very strongly in belittled surveys carried out by various research squads all over India. PROBE (1999) team reports that there was no teaching hap in half of the sample schools the team visited and the problem further compounded by poor infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and lack of teaching materials.A research conducted by Grover and Singh in 2002 reported that in 70% of schools in Madurai and Villupuram in Tamil Nadu, no instruction was taking place. In Madhya Pradesh, management has been decentralized to crossroads level bodies like Gram panchayat to improve administration according to the regional needs. Alternate schools also report social differentiation and inequality in schools . sociable differentiation on the basis of caste was always present in India, and the above reform has alleviated the problem. This is observed especially in the areas where students belong to a lower social caste and teachers belong to the sovereign caste.This increases the problem of low enrollment, dropout rates and parental apathy towards public schools. World Banks study of 1997, estimated 45% girl and 42% boy dropout rate before class five. The All-India rate is 40% highlighting that dropout is still a major problem in Public education system. The dropout rate of girls is always higher than boys (Except Karnataka) and in five states UP, Bihar, Rajasthan West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh dropout ra tes are more than 50%. Corporal punishment is reported to be practiced in both rural and urban schools.Psychologists say no matter how heavy the offence, beating should not be allowed. It leaves a very serious trauma on the students mind. In 2011, 40 cases were registered in Delhi of collective punishment. The worst aspect is that almost 90% of the cases go unreported as parents too think it must be their childs mistake and thats why he/she must have been administered a beating. It was seen as an acceptable form of punishment by the society until 2000, when the Supreme address banned it in all schools. There have been many cases in which students have lost their lives because of corporal punishment.In 2010, a nine-year old girl, Piya Chaudhary died of due to cancer arising out of injuries inflicted on her head by a schoolteacher. In 2012, Aslam Ansari died after thrashing by his teachers in Madhya Pradesh. Every year, numerous children die due to corporal punishment in schools. T his reflects the quality of education and teacher apathy. 8. small COST PRIVATE SCHOOLS VS GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS One of the major movements that have come up in India and other developing countries is the system of cheap private schools which are accessible by the masses.The affordable or low-cost private school system which basically consists of private schools where monthly student fees varies from Rs 100-Rs 750 ( 2 US$ to 15US$) is gaining momentum worldwide and helps poor families in having a say in their childrens education and future. . In a UNDP survey across 10 major cities of the developing world, however, as many as 75 per cent of students were attending private schools, paying fees of less than US$10 a month. ? These schools serve as alternatives to the old-hat(p) system of public schooling in the developing countries in the world.The various differences between public schooling and low-cost private schooling will be canvas with the case of Indian schooling system as t he focal point. India lives in its villages and the primary education system in most villages is below par. The country aims for a 6% allocation of the GDP dedicated to the education sector of the country but hasnt been able to put it into practice as of now. It is often very difficult to specify growth and learning of a student and distinguish between the overall performances of students of public and private schools.The parameters and benchmarks are very subjective. The quality or effectiveness of the low-fee private schools is very difficult to gauge especially in India when its still in the emergent stages. There is no comparable measure of learning achievement in private and public schools Test scores and literacy rates along with passing percentage are one of the few criterions to work with. The relative cost of private and public schools, where the focus is on the monthly cost of teaching each student. The major chunk of the expenditure goes on salaries.